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The human mitochondrial consensus genome sequence by Robert Carter

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For historical reasons the standard human mitochondrial sequence, the Revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS) is a reconstruction of a single European individual’s mtDNA and contains several rare alleles. That’s why many times a usual mtDNA sequence alignment must appeal to phylogenetic historical reconstructions. The rCRS nevertheless provides a uniform nucleotide numbering scheme (0-16569). On the other hand, as there are thousands of high-quality, full-length mitochondrial sequences are now available, Robert Carter thought that it is time to construct and analyze a comprehensive human mitochondrial consensus sequence and published his efforts in Nucleic Acid Research, March, 2007: Mitochondrial diversity within modern human populations The sequence itself available as a supplementary material but with the permission of the author I copy it into this post below.

According to Robert Carter:

So far, all feedback has been good. By introducing the idea of “poly-x” sites (see later), I successfully created a technique that avoids all pre-conceived ideas about genetic history. This also allows one to effectively deal with indels, something that many authors have avoided in the mtDNA literature.

Briefly, 827 sequences were used, a master sequence alignment was created in BioEdit and BioPerl was used for all calculations using the rCRS as a template for nucleotide numbering.

A hash table that included all variant positions was created from the master alignment with sequence name and nucleotide position as keys. All calculations were performed on this hash table and output was directed to a series of text files. These calculations included a compilation of variable positions, detected alleles, allele frequencies and transition/transversion status. The worldwide human mitochondrial consensus sequence was reconstructed from the hash table by picking the majority allele at each variable position and adding in the invariant sites from the rCRS.

And the poly-x technique:

Rather than removing regions of recurrent length variation from the analysis, as is often the case in mitochondrial studies, eleven ‘poly-x’ sites were identified and dealt with separately. Each poly-x site was composed of a variable number of nucleotide repeats with at least three variants found in the data set.

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gagaaggcttagaagaaaaccccacaaaccccattactaaacccacactc
aacagaaacaaagcatacatcattattctcgcacggactacaaccacgac
caatgatatgaaaaaccatcgttgtatttcaactacaagaacaccaatga
ccccaatacgcaaaattaaccccctaataaaattaattaaccactcattc
atcgacctccccaccccatccaacatctccgcatgatgaaacttcggctc
actccttggcgcctgcctgatcctccaaatcaccacaggactattcctag
ccatgcactactcaccagacgcctcaaccgccttttcatcaatcgcccac
atcactcgagacgtaaattatggctgaatcatccgctaccttcacgccaa
tggcgcctcaatattctttatctgcctcttcctacacatcgggcgaggcc
tatattacggatcatttctctactcagaaacctgaaacatcggcattatc
ctcctgcttgcaactatagcaacagccttcataggctatgtcctcccgtg
aggccaaatatcattctgaggggccacagtaattacaaacttactatccg
ccatcccatacattgggacagacctagttcaatgaatctgaggaggctac
tcagtagacagtcccaccctcacacgattctttacctttcacttcatctt
gcccttcattattgcagccctagcagcactccacctcctattcttgcacg
aaacgggatcaaacaaccccctaggaatcacctcccattccgataaaatc
accttccacccttactacacaatcaaagacgccctcggcttacttctctt
ccttctctccttaatgacattaacactattctcaccagacctcctaggcg
acccagacaattataccctagccaaccccttaaacacccctccccacatc
aagcccgaatgatatttcctattcgcctacacaattctccgatccgtccc
taacaaactaggaggcgtccttgccctattactatccatcctcatcctag
caataatccccatcctccatatatccaaacaacaaagcataatatttcgc
ccactaagccaatcactttattgactcctagccgcagacctcctcattct
aacctgaatcggaggacaaccagtaagctacccttttaccatcattggac
aagtagcatccgtactatacttcacaacaatcctaatcctaataccaact
atctccctaattgaaaacaaaatactcaaatgggcctgtccttgtagtat
aaactaatacaccagtcttgtaaaccggagatgaaaacctttttccaagg
acaaatcagagaaaaagtctttaactccaccattagcacccaaagctaag
attctaatttaaactattctctgttctttcatggggaagcagatttgggt
accacccaagtattgactcacccatcaacaaccgctatgtatttcgtaca
ttactgccagccaccatgaatattgtacggtaccataaatacttgaccac
ctgtagtacataaaaacccaatccacatcaaaaccccctccccatgctta
caagcaagtacagcaatcaaccctcaactatcacacatcaactgcaactc
caaagccacccctcacccactaggataccaacaaacctacccacccttaa
cagtacatagtacataaagccatttaccgtacatagcacattacagtcaa
atcccttctcgtccccatggatgacccccctcagataggggtcccttgac
caccatcctccgtgaaatcaatatcccgcacaagagtgctactctcctcg
ctccgggcccataacacttgggggtagctaaagtgaactgtatccgacat
ctggttcctacttcagggccataaagcctaaatagcccacacgttcccct
taaataagacatcacgatg



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